Textual Integrity in Hamlet Essay Example

Textual Integrity in Hamlet Essay In order to decide if the textual integrity is essential to the play, one would examine whether the character motivations remain constant with the rest of the other characters present within the play. Their imagery, motives, word choice, and whether the speech seems to fit with Hamlets overall character. Due to the different contexts of the play (one being the Elizabethan era whilst the other being the present) it is easily arguable from a Elizabethan era viewpoint that the character of Hamlet has done the morally correct thing to society as he has waited to the right moment (when he is aware of Claudius true actions) to act upon his vengeance for his father. Hamlet has maintained his duty to family and God by not killing himself due to loathing but evening the scores in order to regain his fathers worth. On the other hand from a modern day approach the audience feels as though Hamlet should react straight away and kill Claudius. The idea of duty to God/religion has become mildly ethereal and is not as apparent as it was during the Elizabethan era. One interpretation of Hamlet is the play is about suicide. The play heart is an concentrated psychodrama that is about a prince gone mad from external pressures. He longs for the ultimate release of killing himself for several different motives depending on the situation. We will write a custom essay sample on Textual Integrity in Hamlet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Textual Integrity in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Textual Integrity in Hamlet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Hamlet has the opportunity to kill himself he is seen as a coward, lacking the internal drive to go through with his deed: O, that this too, too sullied flesh would melt,/Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew,/Or that the Everlasting had not fixed/His canon gainst self-slaughter! Hamlets reason for suicide is due to the death of his father which is clear in his first soliloquy. Later on in the play he gives evidence that there are other reasons for his decided suicide. In his third soliloquy he states: For who would bear the pangs of despised love when he himself might his quietus make/with a bare bodkin? The word despised is put as unrequited and thus we are led to believe that Ophelia is the reason behind his suicidal thoughts, not the late King. The mourning of his father is a pseudo veil because he feels as though he cannot sink so low as to kill himself due to a woman. Textual integrity is the notion that the text can stand alone as a piece of work, regardless of the texts paradigms, its social and theoretical practice and its ability to be understood without reference. It exists and is understood and although other texts may add meaning to it, they themselves do not make the text. As to whether it means its ability to be received in a variety of contexts if you can say its great because its a whole thing that would work but it seems pretty vacuous. I think you can look at how another reading of Hamlet fails to maintain the textual integrity of the original i. e. if a feminist reading transforms it into something quite different say but otherwise I dont think its that helpful as a concept. There is no such thing as literature, or even Shakespeare. All these have been constructed by particular groups at particular times to serve particular interests. There is no such thing as a straightforward, objective or disinterested reading. Shakespeare is NOT timeless. Shakespeare does not transcend time, or place, or human understanding. He is to be understood in the context of the social, political and ideological and material practices and social relationships of the ideological production, and the reception of his work. For most of the new perspectives, therefore, the study of Shakespeare is a political enterprise. It was stressed by my teacher that when Shakespeare was studied, say in 1895, the assumption of traditional studies could be summarized in a short list and it was done the same by everyone. Not allowing for different perspectives or interpretations. E. g. , a feminist viewpoint, a Marxian viewpoint a Freudian psychoanalytical reading etc. ) A text is not produced by an author, but by readers, who themselves are produced by social and political forces. New perspectives frequently attempt to establish their authority by specialized vocabulary (remember this term! ) and extensive appeal to theory. As with all literature we are unable to separate ourselves from our personal interpretation and that of the writers. Works of literature usually lead to various interpretations differing from era to context to experience. Each interpretation of Hamlet brings different elements to the forefront. Without these interpretations of Hamlet one may not be able to feel as though they receive a full understanding of the play and a lack of connection may become a dislike of the play rather than a love for the tragic tale. Shakespeare possibly has his own interpretation of the play. The writer merely sets words to the page; it is our job to make them our own.

Congress Bashing essays

Congress Bashing essays The human side of Congress: An Analysis of Congressional Anecdotes Historian, author, and Professor Paul Bollers Congressional Anecdotes, published by Oxford University Press in 1991, was a documentary styled book which shed light on the more human side of Congress and the challenges they face. Mr. Bollers intent in writing Congressional Anecdotes was one of satirical value while entertaining his readers. Most of his writings were focused on the controversial and compromising issues in Congress and the sometimes comedic episodes they produced, playing on the old tradition of Congress Bashing. As a second point but non-less important, Mr. Boller brought deserving attention to Congresss supreme duty to the people of America and the integral component which they contribute to U.S. Democracy. The framers of the constitution seemed to have given Congress predominant powers over its executive and judiciary counterparts. In theory, this may have been done to prevent any type of tyranny or repression by the government upon its people. Along with this responsibility comes great scrutiny. The legislators have been victim of Congress Bashing nearly since its inception. Duly, these criticisms have been brought on mostly by fault of their own, through simply being human. Mr. Bollers documented short stories in summation are ones of moral, ethical, and even comedic episodes. Where Congress is regularly left in either embarrassed or detached states. These events have exposed a human side of Congress, to which the public has easy access and are quick to make judgments and criticisms of. His stories also spoke highly of the diligence and dedication put forth from most Congressional members. Speaking of the first Congress Mr. Boller wrote, It met for three sessions, put in 519 days of work, discussed 269 bills, and enacted 118 statutes, many of them of crucial importance for getting the young ...

You must propose a change for a real companynot a government entity Essay

You must propose a change for a real companynot a government entity. Propose a service, an idea, or a product (do not write a sales letter). You MAY write ab - Essay Example Due to the high influx of Hispanics living in USA and constant arrivals there is a need to reach them as customers. To reach them, the solution is to offer its employees a holistic approach of classes in Spanish, culture sensitivity, the differences and similarities that exist within the Hispanic community, history, traditions, and customs. It will also make the transition of obtaining positive results from international business transactions with Spanish speaking countries. Although, Hispanics come from different countries they may not be aware of the differences and the similarities. The non-Hispanics are not aware of what these differences and similarities may be. This leads to misunderstandings while communicating with their customers in the USA and while placing international calls to the Spanish speaking countries and performing business transactions. AT&T will be at an advantage point if you take the initiative to offer this holistic approach of teaching Spanish at your location while at the same time your personnel will be able to relate to the Hispanic community and Spanish speaking countries, and learn about its idiosyncrasies. It is not only important to learn a language. Coca-Cola, Nestle, and Chevrolet-NOVA were all fiasco transactions when they were accomplishing their business transactions in Thailand, Africa, and Venezuela. This was due to, in: Coca-Cola ´s case by a translation that did not take into consideration the cultural aspects; Nestle ´s case by not taking into consideration the environment and customs; and, Chevrolet-NOVA ´s case for not understanding the implications of the word NOVA (No Va, will not work) in Spanish. These transactions flopped. AT&T does not have to go through these motions. By contracting our language school to deliver this holistic proactive class will not only help travelers and non travelers in delivering successful business accounts (for your international expansion of the business)

Plant and People Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Plant and People - Term Paper Example Opium poppy has both negative and positive effects of opium poppy upon human society (Chouvy, 2010). The negative effects of opium poppy include terrorism, wars, international politics, crime, addiction and dependence, health problems, and negative economic issues, and the positive effects include the manufacture of drugs and for homeopathy. Negative effects of opium poppy Terrorism Opium poppy is the source of opium, which is a narcotic drug. Narcotic drugs are illegal in most countries across the world (United Nations, 2009). Therefore, many countries consider the trading of narcotics as illegal and take actions against those individuals who take part in drug trafficking. However, violence, corruption, and subversion have increasingly impeded the international narcotics control efforts. Violence increases when efforts begin to have an effect on the trafficking operations (Davids, 2002). Various countries have put more effort towards identifying those groups and individuals who atte mpt to undermine the struggle against trafficking of narcotics. Such groups can include those groups, which finance their terrorist actions through profits they acquire from the narcotics trade; groups that actively engage themselves in narcotics trafficking and use terrorist activities to sustain or enhance their positions; and groups that the narcotics traffickers organize randomly to resort to terrorist activities and violence to enhance and protect their criminal enterprise. Most of the countries that produce narcotics have political insurgents, who quite often use terrorist techniques and have become involved indirectly or directly with production and trafficking of narcotics (Davids, 2002). There are close relationships between narcotics trafficking, terrorist groups, and arms smuggling, especially in the Middle East. According to Davids (2002), there is some evidence of state-sponsored trafficking of narcotics. In a few cases, the further evidence is that some of the communis t nations have engaged to some extent in facilitating the trafficking of narcotics. Terrorism refers to the use of violence or threats to apply violence as a political weapon to attain control, to influence government policy, or to destabilize and overthrow governments (Davids, 2002). The legal definition of terrorism may not be precise in describing narcotics traffickers and their organizations. However, the tactics they employ at times are equal to, or exceed those tactics that terrorist organizations use. Most of the groups involved with narcotics production or trafficking do not meet the traditional or legal definitions of "terrorists" or "insurgents," the fact is that the use of planned, high-threat, sophisticated violence to accomplish their goals, even without a political agenda, is terrorism (Davids, 2002). Furthermore, the increasing use of violence against international narcotics control efforts, irrespective of the source as well as the dealing in narcotics for firearms a nd the financing of political insurgencies and terrorists through illegal narcotics activities, pose grievous threats to the national security of the narcotics producing countries and to the prospects for effective international narcotics control. Prostitution, Robbery, and Thievery The incidents of

Fiduciary Responsibility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fiduciary Responsibility - Research Paper Example It reveals how the board can busy themselves with governing its corporate, financial planning by controlling budget values and not the budget members. In addressing the thesis statement of comparing and contrasting Corporate Fiduciary Responsibility and Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance, we will draw attention to the significant of the two concepts. Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance Verse Corporate Fiduciary Responsibility Holt (2008) indicates that the Sarbanes –Oxley is based on the legislative and administrative, whereas corporate fiduciary responsibility, although, based on the statutory, it is established from the equity and is created by judges. According to Kieff and Paredes (2010), the corporate fiduciary responsibility under the state law practices has fluid standards and duties based approach. Whereas Sarbanes –Oxley adopt a rule based approach to corporate governance. According to Hopkins (2011), fiduciary responsibility requires board members of exempt corporate to be objec tive and should act for its excellent and betterment, rather than for their personal benefit. Sarbanes –Oxley indiscriminately imposes significant compliance cost on the corporate due to the inflexible rules that are applied to corporate regardless of the situation. According to Kieff and Paredes (2010), fiduciary relationship arises in the context of complex and constantly evolving long-term arrangements. Thus, do not provide themselves with easy, clear line rules or detailed regulations. However, Sarbanes –Oxley does not involve the complexities of the corporate environment. It deals with setting wide standards and allowing corporate a chance in determining how best to comply with those standards. The occurrence of corporate misconduct provides essential insights about the manner that board members demonstrate compliances with their fiduciary responsibility. Kieff and Paredes (2010) indicate that trustee responsibility is limited in that the fiduciary who agrees to t ake control of plan assets may appoint an investment manager. If the investment manager is appointed, the trustee is not accountable for that the investment manager’s acts. Meanwhile, he or she is not under any obligation to invest or to manage any plan asset that is subject to the management of the investment manager. Moreover, a plan may expressly provide that the trustee is subject to follow the ways of listed party who is not a trustee. According to Kieff and Paredes (2010), a trustee is subject to proper directions of that named fiduciary. Since this duty does not relieve the trustee from determining whether the direction of the named fiduciary is prudent, it does not considerably limit a trustee’s responsibility. In additional, where plan assets are detained by more than one trustee, trustee is only accountable for an act of a trustee own trust. Meanwhile, co trustees may agree to allocate responsibilities, obligations and duties among themselves in case such agr eement is authorized by the trust instrument. According to Kieff and Paredes (2010), a trustee will not be accountable for a loss to the plan arising from the acts of another trustee to whom responsibility has been allocated. However, in the Sarbanes –Oxley the corporate are seeking to reduce the cost of ongoing compliance while maximizing benefits (Holt, 2008). Meanwhile, the act does not authorize corporate to change audit firms periodically, but recommends essential

Energy Efficient Building Design Strategies For Hot Climates Construction Essay

Energy Efficient Building Design Strategies For Hot Climates Construction Essay This research discusses energy efficient design strategies of traditional houses in Iraq (hot-arid climate), climatic design techniques and potentials for renewable energy systems that can be implemented in the contemporary residential design techniques in order to offset the absence of produced energy (due to current economic and political issues) and help decreasing demand for electricity, which is used extensively to overcome the indoor thermal discomfort during the harsh summer seasons. A comparison between traditional Baghdadi house (Hosh), which existed before the discovery of oil, and a contemporary house design option is to be made to evaluate the thermal performance of both options in this climatic zone in order to adapt more energy efficient design strategies; and also to integrate features for sustainable building design and potentials to implement renewable energy systems. A simulation modeling is to be used to conduct analysis of energy efficient design strategies, namely relating to building envelope, size and direction, ventilation, shading elements, and using renewable energy systems in order to present recommendations that helps in consequential energy offset while preserving comfort. Keywords: Introduction Examining the energy demand in such region, buildings, with particular reference to residential houses, are one of the most significant energy-sensitive entities (Al-ajmi Hanby, 2008). It is stated that buildings consume over half of all electricity and one-third of natural gas (Yilmaz, 2007). Reduction of energy consumption in residential buildings is a major aim worldwide and is a particular challenge in this region for the reasons mentioned previously (Al-ajmi Hanby, 2008). Therefore, sustainable design strategies are of great importance nowadays in order to reduce energy consumption in residential buildings. One may say that sustainability was already a driving force in the past, showing its validity in those days in different forms and techniques. Therefore, problems and precautions in design and construction did not change fundamentally, although a lot of development was seen in materials and technology. Of course, these developments may have had some negative effects (Yilmaz, 2007). Energy efficient design strategies for traditional houses in such climate are significantly different from each other as it can be easily seen in the traditional design (Yilmaz, 2007). Description of Problem Area Energy consumption is becoming more and more important in todays world because of a possible energy shortage in the future. Efficient use of energy has become a key issue for the most energy policies (Yilmaz, 2007). In regions where hot-arid climatic zone is prevailed, practically in Iraq, present economic and political circumstances have become the main reasons that led to a significant energy shortage although Iraq has a spare operational capacity of oil supply in comparison with other countries around the world. A significant need for new energy efficient design strategies and developed buildings construction standards in this area has become essential in order to offset the absence of produced energy and help decreasing demand for electricity, much of which is consumed in air conditioning systems, which is used extensively to overcome the indoor thermal discomfort during the harsh summer seasons (Al-ajmi Hanby, 2008). Conceptual Framework Figure (1) provides a diagram of the conceptual framework that has devised for this research. The proposed research study into traditional and contemporary building design systems will rely on an experimental research strategy in the positivist system of inquiry (developed design strategies). The research will attempt to establish a comparison (Groat and Wang, 2002, P. 254) between a treatment (independent variable) and an outcome (dependent variable) through the evaluation of measured results. Figure (1) Conceptual diagram of the research variables (Groat Wang, 2002) Research Questions Do traditional houses perform better than contemporary ones? Why? Is it feasible to use traditional design strategies in contemporary houses? How could we achieve a sustainable building design in such climatic zone? Do we need new or developed strategies in order to achieve sustainable building design in such climatic region? What if we integrate renewable energy systems into traditional house design? Project Goals and Specific Objectives The purpose of this research is to: Make a comparison and evaluation of thermal performance of residential houses (traditional vs. contemporary) in Iraq (hot-arid climate) in order to adapt more developed and energy efficient design strategies. Integrate new trends for sustainable design in residential houses in this area. Potentials to implement renewable energy systems. This research is achieved through the following: Extensive overview of the antecedent literature in the area of energy efficiency and thermal building performance in such climatic zone. Identify the most effective strategy from the literature that can be applied in order to develop more energy efficient design strategies. Un-wrap issues of energy efficiency, building performance and sustainable design systems. Use a simulation modeling as a tactical tool to make comparison between contemporary and traditional building design systems and energy performance in order to investigate the thermal characteristics and energy savings for both building designs using different strategies and also potentials to integrate sustainable features using renewable energy system. Test outcome results and write a research report accordingly which combines my understanding of the relevant theory and previous research with the results of my empirical research. Literature Review The literature review is structured around the key concepts of significance of energy efficient design strategies, thermodynamics of hot-arid climates, Inventory of traditional design elements in hot-arid climate and energy simulation methods. These key concepts have led to the research questions and the proposed methodology for this research proposal. See figure1 for the map of literature reviewed. Figure () Map of sources reviewed Figure () Research Literature Review Diagrammatic (Groat Wang, 2002) Building Design Strategies Climatic Building Strategies Research by Ochoa Capeluto (2008) states a quick review of design strategies for different climatic zones. This is necessary to examine when and how design strategies should be considered, particularly during design process. Climatic building strategies in hot climates differ from those of cold ones, For example, in cold climates heat collection and storage is essential, and ventilation must be limited for the same reasons. Short daytime and low radiation levels in winter make maximum penetration of natural light to be desired. On the other hand, in hot climates heat must be excluded, the amount of relative humidity controlled, and the thermal mass cooled usually through natural ventilation during the night. Daylight penetration must be carefully managed using control devices (see figure 1) (as cited in Ochoa Capeluto, 2008, Building and Environment, P.1830). Figure (1) Building strategies for cold and hot climates (Ochoa Capeluto, 2008). Optimized Building Envelope A building envelope is a skin that separates between the interior and the exterior of a building. It serves as the outer shell to protect the indoor environment as well as to facilitate its climate control (controlling heat transfer between building layers). The study by Danny Harvey (2009) reviews the literature concerning energy efficiency that can be achieved through optimized building envelope. According to Danny Harvey (2009), The effectiveness of the thermal envelope depends on: (1) The insulation levels in the walls, ceiling, and other building parts; (2) The thermal properties of windows and doors; and (3) The rate of uncontrolled exchange of inside and outside air which, in turn, depends in part on the air tightness of the envelope (infiltration/excitation) (Energy Efficiency, P. 141). Reducing the Cooling Load Energy conservation and climatic design techniques that can be implemented in residential houses in this area (hot-arid climate) are useful for reducing cooling energy consumption (Al-Temeemi, 1995). Danny Harveys (2009) research found the following: Reducing the cooling load requires: (1) Orienting a building to minimize the wall area facing directions that are most difficult to shade from the sun; (2) Clustering buildings to provide some degree of self shading (as in many traditional communities in hot climates); (3) Providing fixed or adjustable shading; (4) Using highly reflective building materials; (5) Increasing insulation; (6) Using windows that transmit a relatively small fraction (as little at 25%) of the total (visible + invisible) incident solar energy while permitting a larger fraction of the visible radiation to enter for daylighting purposes; (7) Utilizing thermal mass to minimize daytime interior temperature peaks; (8) Utilizing night time ventilation to remove daytime heat; and (9) Minimizing internal heat gains by using efficient lighting and appliances. The combination of external insulation, thermal mass, and night ventilation is particularly effective in hot-arid climates, as placing the insulation on the outside exposes the thermal mass to cool night air while minimizing the inward penetration of daytime heat into the thermal mass (Energy Efficiency, P. 141). Passive cooling techniques By using the above measures to reduce the thermal load of the building, other techniques requires small inputs of mechanical energy to optimize passive cooling processes (Danny Harvey, 2009). Danny Harveys (2009) research discussed the following major passive cooling techniques: Passive ventilation Passive ventilation reduces the need for mechanical cooling by directly removing warm air when the incoming air is cooler than the outgoing air, reducing the perceived temperature due to the cooling effect of air motion and increasing the acceptable temperature through psychological adaptation when the occupants have control of operable windows. Passive ventilation requires a driving force, and an adequate number of openings, to produce airflow. It can be induced through pressure differences arising from inside-outside temperature differences or from wind. Design features, especially traditional, that create thermal driving forces and/or utilize wind effects include courtyards, atria, wind towers, solar chimneys, and operable windows. Passive ventilation not only reduces energy use, but can improve air quality and gives people what they generally want. In buildings with good thermal mass exposed to the interior air, passive ventilation can continue right through the night, sometimes more vigorously than during the day due to the greater temperature difference between the internal and external air. Night time ventilation, in turn, serves to reduce the cooling load by making use of cool ambient air to remove heat (as cited in Danny Harvey, 2009, Energy Efficiency, P.142). Evaporative cooling Danny Harveys (2009) study further discussed the following in terms of producing evaporative cooling techniques: Evaporation of water cools the remaining liquid water and air that comes into contact with it. The coldest temperature that can be achieved through evaporation is called the wet-bulb temperature and depends on the initial temperature and humidity (the higher the initial humidity, the less evaporation and cooling that can occur). There are two methods of evaporative cooling the air supplied to buildings. In a direct evaporative cooler, water evaporates directly into the air stream to be cooled. In an indirect evaporative cooler, water evaporates into and cools a secondary air stream, which cools the supply air through a heat exchanger without adding moisture. By appropriately combining direct and indirect systems, evaporative cooling can provide comfortable temperature-humidity combinations most of the time in most parts of the world. Evaporative cooling is most effective in dry regions, but water may be a limiting factor in such regions. However, arid regions tend to have a large diu rnal temperature range, so thermal mass with external insulation and night ventilation can be used instead (Energy Efficiency, P.142). Influence of Energy Efficient Design Strategies on Design Stages The architectural design process is iterative and moves from the abstract (definition of massing, orientation, and image) to the specific (lighting control, mechanical ventilation type) (as cited in Ochoa Capeluto, 2008, Building and Environment, P.1830). At the design stage, key decisions taken by architects can significantly influence potentials to optimize building efficiency. These include decisions affecting the selection of building components. According to Ochoa Capeluto (2008), As it advances and more specialists are called in to solve details, earlier decisions, which could have an enormous influence on the building performance, are expensive and harder if not impossible to change (Building and Environment, P.1830). Other influential factors unrelated to climatic strategies must be taken into account. For example, a certain orientation that is bad for energy consumption might define how well the building performs (Ochoa Capeluto, 2008). However, it would require an Integrated Design Process (IDP), in which the design process optimizes the building performance by involving all members of design-making team from the beginning. The importance of an Integrated Design Process (IDP) on building systems approach Danny Harveys (2009) study found the following: The systems approach requires an Integrated Design Process (IDP), in which the building performance is optimized through an iterative process that involves all members of the design team from the beginning. However, the conventional process of designing a building is a largely linear process, in which the architect makes a number of design decisions with little or no consideration of their energy implications and then passes on the design to the engineers, who are supposed to make the building habitable through mechanical systems (Energy Efficiency, P. 140). The steps in the most basic IDP are: to consider building orientation, form, and thermal mass to specify a high-performance building envelope to maximize passive heating, cooling, ventilation, and daylighting to install efficient systems to meet remaining loads to ensure that individual energy-using devices are as efficient as possible and properly sized to ensure the systems and devices are properly commissioned By focusing on building form and a high-performance envelope, heating, and cooling loads are minimized, daylighting opportunities are maximized, and mechanical systems can be greatly downsized (Danny Harvey, 2009). Thermodynamics of Hot-Arid Climates Any consideration to energy efficiency applications or design strategies in any climatic zone requires examining of thermodynamics and human comfort. In his Text Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples, With Reference to Hot Arid Climates, the author demonstrates properties of energy that must be considered in order to fully understand climatic phenomena. Heat, radiation, pressure, humidity, and wind, among other factors, interact mutually to establish microclimatic conditions appropriate to hot-arid climatic (Fathy, 1986). According to Fathy (1986), the following are some of these basic concepts applied to hot-arid climates: Thermal gain Solar radiation is the principal source of heat in hot-arid zones, and this heat can be transmitted during the day to the building interior in a number of ways. The most important is by conduction of the absorbed solar radiation through the walls or roof at a rate determined by the thermal conductance (or thermal resistivity) of wall components. (The relationship involving the incoming and reflected solar radiation absorbed and re-emitted heat and heat gain is shown in figure 2 below for the case of a typical white painted surface). Figure (2) (Fathy, 1986) Heat gain can also be caused by ventilation. The rate of gain is dependent on the ventilation rate. Ventilation heat gain can be avoided by restricting the size of openings, especially during the heat of the day. The other sources of heat gain are the inhabitants of the building themselves and household equipment such as electric lights and appliances. These sources, unlike the solar radiation, can contribute heat even at night (see figure 3) (Fathy, 1986). Figure (3) Modes of heat transfer (Fathy, 1986) Thermal loss Heat is lost by conduction through the walls, by exactly the same process that it is gained from the direct solar radiation once it has been absorbed by the surface or through the roof by a combination of convection and conduction. Ventilation is also another mode of heat loss. Evaporation from the surface of the building or from objects within the interior can produce a cooling effect on the building which acts as a source of heat loss. In hot arid climates, this can be a particularly effective cooling mechanism since the rate of evaporation in dry air is very high. Figure 3 also shows the modes of heat loss (Fathy, 1986). Cooling by evaporation Evaporative cooling is used for cooling in hot dry areas (such as in Iraq, where the people place against the windows panels of dried desert plants, which are kept moist by water dripping from perforated pipes positioned above them) (Fathy, 1986). Dynamic thermal equilibrium The heat gained by the building can be expected to be balanced by the heat lost and an internal temperature distribution thus established. These temperatures are dependent on the outside temperature and the ratio of the heat gained to the heat lost and can be adjusted by regulating the sources of heat gain and loss. Before examining the systems and devices that have been developed to do this in the hot arid zones, it is first necessary to have an idea of the heat-regulating mechanism of the human body and the microclimatic conditions for human comfort. Table (1) Heat gain and loss processes for the human body (Fathy, 1986). Mechanism Gain Process Loss Process Metabolism Basal heat production Digestion Activity Muscle tensing and shivering in response to cold Radiation From solar radiation-direct and reflected To surrounding air From radiation by radiators Conduction From air above skin temperature (increased by air movement) To air below skin temperature From warmer bodies in contact To cooler bodies in contact Evaporation From respiratory tract From skin covered with perspiration or applied water Conditions of human comfort A convenient standard for thermal comfort is required. Analysis shows that a variety of factors can be involved in situations of discomfort. For example, temperature alone does not determine discomfort. In Athens, 32  °C is quite bearable, but it is generally intolerable in Bahrain. The difference is due entirely to the relative humidity of the atmosphere. In Bahrain the air is very humid and perspiration evaporates slowly, decreasing the bodys ability to lose heat. In Athens, with its dry air, the evaporation rate is high and perspiration evaporates quickly lowering body temperature. The factors that have been identified as standard for thermal comfort within buildings are: air temperature, air humidity, rate of air movement, level of radiation, and rate of heat production by the bodies of people in the building [4]. Inventory of design elements for traditional housing design in hot-arid climates Building materials The materials surrounding the occupants of a building are of prime importance for protection against heat and cold. Considering an external wall exposed to a high outside air temperature and a lower inside air temperature (see figure 4), the rate of heat flow transmitted through the wall from the outside air to the inside air is proportional to the air temperature difference, area of the wall, and rate of global heat transmittance that can be determined from an analysis of the components of the total resistance to heat flow. The total resistance is composed of the resistance to heat flow through the material, the interfacial resistance at the external surface, and the interfacial resistance at the internal surfaces. Since the interfacial resistances are determined primarily by temperature conditions over which the builder has little control, his principal effect on the heat transmittance is on changing the resistance to heat flow through the wall material (Fathy, 1986). Figure (4) (Fathy, 1986) Table 2 lists the thicknesses of walls composed of various construction materials needed to achieve coefficients of approximately 1.1 kcal/hm ²C °. The mud brick is most appropriate for achieving thermal comfort in addition to being widely available to all segments of the population (Fathy, 1986). Table (2) Thicknesses of walls of different material (Fathy, 1986) Wall Material Wall Thickness Thermal Transmittance (in m) (in in) (in kcal/ hm ²C °) Hollow brick block 0.30 12 1.10 Double-wall brick with holes and 8-cm cavity 2 x 0.12 2 x 4.7 1.12 Brick wall with holes 0.38 15 1.03 Sand-lime brick 0.51 20 1.25 Hollow block sand-lime brick 0.51 20 1.16 Lime 0.51 20 1.10-1.35 Concrete 1.00 39 1.20 Orientation In hot climates, the sun is the major source of heat. The position of the sun must be determined for all hours of the day at all seasons as well as the direction of the prevailing winds, especially during the hot season. In addition, for an ensemble of buildings forming a sector, there will be reflection from adjacent buildings and wind screening by clusters of buildings, which contribute to a specific microclimate for each location in the sector. Wind movement and humidity also are important and should be considered simultaneously with the direct and indirect effects of the sun. The main objective is to establish the optimum orientation with regard to the sun and the prevailing wind (Fathy, 1986). Shading Generally, a building with a facade opening to the west is the worst case encountered in hot-arid climate, owing to the heat gain of the surrounding environment during the day and the angle of altitude, which allows the suns rays to penetrate into the interior. Openings Window openings normally serve three functions: to let in direct and indirect sunlight, to let in air, and to provide a view (Fathy, 1986). The venetian blind One device which can be added directly to the window is the venetian blind. This blind is made of small slats, about 4-5 cm wide, closely set in a wooden frame at an angle that will intercept the suns rays. The slats are often movable so the angle can be changed. This feature of adjustability renders venetian blinds very useful in regulating solar radiation and wind flow into rooms. Using the venetian blind, the suns rays can be blocked out without obstructing the breeze, which generally blows from the northwest in most hot arid areas like Iraq. As shown in figure 5a, changing the position of the blind alternatively by to block the direct sunlight, the wind is redirected uselessly over the heads of the occupants, as figure 5b illustrates. Also, if the slats are made of metal, they then absorb some incoming radiation and reradiate it into the room as heat (Fathy, 1986). Figure (5) (Fathy, 1986) The Shanshool or Mashrabiya This was a cantilevered space with a lattice opening, where small water jars were placed to be cooled by the evaporation effect as air moved through the opening. The name is used for an opening with a wooden lattice screen composed of small wooden balusters that are circular in section and arranged at specific regular intervals. The shanshool has five functions. These functions involve: (1) controlling the passage of light, (2) controlling the air flow, (3) reducing the temperature of the air current, (4) increasing the humidity of the air current, and (5) ensuring privacy. Its cooling and humidifying functions are closely related. All organic fibers, such as the wood of a shanshool readily absorb, retain, and release considerable quantities of water. Wind passing through the interstices of the porous-wooden shanshool will give up some of its humidity to the wooden balusters if they are cool, as at night. When the shanshool is directly heated by sunlight, this humidity is released to any air that may be flowing through the interstices. This technique can be used to increase the humidity of dry air in the heat of the day, cooling and humidifying the air at a time when most needed. The balusters and interstices of the shanshool have optimal absolute and relative sizes that are based on the area of the surfaces exposed to the air and the rate at which the air passes through. In addition to these physical effects, the shanshool serves an important social function: it ensures privacy from the outside for the inhabitants while at the same time allowing them to view the outside through the screen (Fathy, 1986). Table (3) Summary of architectural elements of traditional building in Iraq (hot-arid climate), as they have been common from the 13th to the end of the 19th century. Retrieved from http://www.brainworker.ch/Irak/architecture.htm Oda: the simple room Tarma: open balcony with pillars Ursi: most probably from russi, russian. The most important room of the house, as at the same time you may see, but not been seen as much as in a tarma, ivan or talar. Its separated from the tarma by a window-wall from colored glasses, without door. Those were the masterpieces of Baghdadi carpentry. Talar, a usable open room behind the tarma. The difference to the iwan is, that it cant be entered directly from the rooms beside it. Is separated from the tarma by additional pillars. Iwan(or Liwan), a room behind the tarma or adjacent tot the inner courtyard, that is on one side open. Hosh, the central courtyard, often with a fountain in the middle. sirdab, the cellar, that did not only serve as store, but   as cooling hall and for the provision of cool air through the badgir-sirdab-system. neem, a cellar that is only half buried. Mostly with one window. During the hot summer nights the roof was and is used in Baghdad for sleeping. The high value of privacy demanded, that no house was higher than the others, so that nobody was able to look down on his neighbors roof. kabishkan: The Penthouse, from where one is able to control all the house. Often those rooms have been placed like eyries in all four corners of the inner courtyard.   The roof If the outdoor air temperature is higher than the indoor temperature, the outer surface of the roof exposed to the sun is heated as it absorbs radiation, and, being in contact with the outside hot air, also is heated by conduction. The roof then transmits this heat to the inner surface, where it raises the temperature of the air in contact with it by conduction. At the same time, it radiates heat that is absorbed by people and objects indoors, thereby affecting thermal comfort. In hot arid countries, since the air temperature drops considerably during the night, the inhabitants have arranged the roof architecturally into loggias or open galleries and lightweight roof covers. These loggias and roof covers have the double function of shading the roof during the day and providing physiologically comfortable living and sleeping spaces at night (Fathy, 1986). Figure (6) Different types of roofing in hot-arid climates (Fathy, 1986) The wind-escape The technique of using the suction caused by low air-pressure zones to generate steady air movement indoors is used in the design of the wind-escape. The funnel and side tube used to illustrate the Bernoulli effect or Venturi action (see figure 7) are transposed into the structural elements of an architectural design in order to accelerate air movement and to create drafts in places with no exposure to the outside, such as basements in Iraq. This concept can be applied more advantageously in designs for use above ground. The wind-escape can accelerate effective ventilation and air circulation when used with other devices for air movement such as windows, doors, and the malqaf or wind-catch (Fathy, 1986). Figure (7) Bernoulli Effect (Fathy, 1986) The malgaf In hot arid zones, a difficulty is found in combining the three functions of the ordinary window: light, ventilation, and view. Therefore, it is necessary to satisfy the three functions ascribed to the window separately. To satisfy the need for ventilation alone, the malqaf or wind-catch was invented. This device is a shaft rising high above the building with an opening facing the prevailing wind. It traps the wind from high above the building where it is cooler and stronger, and channels it down into the interior of the building. The malqaf thus dispenses with the need for ordinary windows to ensure ventilation and air movement. The malqaf is also useful in reducing the sand and dust so prevalent in the winds of hot arid regions. The wind it captures above the building contains less solid material than the wind at lower heights, and much of the sand which does enter is dumped at the bottom of the shaft. In the areas of An-Najf and Al-Kufa in Iraq, where air temperature is very high in summer, people live in basements ventilated by small holes in the ceiling and a malqaf with a very small inlet. Figure 8 shows plans and the section of a residence with a basement from this region. However, as the airflow is small and the air circulation is insufficient, this design is unhealthy and a possible cause of lung diseases. In some designs, the drafts from the malqaf outlet are cooled by passing over water in the basement. Figure (8) The Malgaf (Fathy, 1986) The Bà £dgir-sirdab In Iraq (hot-arid climate)and the countries of the Gulf, a specific type of malqaf called the bà £dgir was developed. The system badgir-sirdab was a cheap, environmentally friendly and energy saving solution to create an acceptable cl

Flappers and Mothers: New Women in the 1920s Essay -- American History

Flappers and Mothers: New Women in the 1920s Frederick Lewis Allen, in his famous chronicle of the 1920s Only Yesterday, contended that women’s â€Å"growing independence† had accelerated a â€Å"revolution in manners and morals† in American society (95). The 1920s did bring significant changes to the lives of American women. World War I, industrialization, suffrage, urbanization, and birth control increased women’s economic, political, and sexual freedom. However, with these advances came pressure to conform to powerful but contradictory archetypes. Women were expected to be both flapper and wife, sex object and mother. Furthermore, Hollywood and the emerging â€Å"science† of advertising increasingly tied conceptions of femininity to a specific standard of physical beauty attainable by few. By 1930, American women (especially affluent whites) had won newfound power and independence, but still lived in a sexist culture where their gender limited their opportunities and defined the ir place in society. World War I and industrialization both brought greater economic autonomy to American women. With immigration curtailed and hundreds of thousands of men needed for the armed forces, women’s labor became a wartime necessity. About 1.5 million women worked in paying jobs during the war, with many more employed as volunteers or secretaries and yeomen for the Army, Navy, and Marines (James and Wells, 66). Women retained few of those 1.5 million jobs after men returned from war, but the United States’ industrialized postwar economy soon provided enough work for men and women alike. Once confined to nursing, social work, teaching, or secretarial jobs, women began to find employment in new fields. According to Allen, â€Å"They ... ...r and a dutiful mother. Furthermore, large groups of American women were, by the basis of race or class, automatically excluded from the â€Å"new womanhood.† Despite significant advances, the decade of the 1920s ended much as it had began—American women, considered second-rate citizens, struggled to define femininity on their own terms. Works Cited Allen, Frederick Lewis. Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen- Twenties. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1931. D’Emilio, John and Estelle B. Freedman. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. Goodman, James. Stories of Scottsboro. New York: Vintage Books, 1994. James, D. Clayton and Anne Sharp Wells. America and the Great War, 1914- 1920. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1998. H427 website: http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427

Adinis Oxel

By this full implementation this could help to our politicians making our places peaceful, peers group could be avoided eke gangster, sorority, and fraternity groups. For the curfew hours of minors will also effective if that could be fully implemented. By this no person below 18 years old will be in their home before night hours. They will focus on their study, making their assignment at home. Instead of wasting their time in drinking liquors, playing gambling playing billiards and computer games.Because they will not be allowing to stand by and all public places between 7:00 pm to 5:00 am. Juvenile crimes will be avoided. Fully implementation of curfew could help the public enforcer to make peace and order to the immunity. Crimes will be decreasing because if there are no minors and other people who were got drunk there will be the possibility that no one will commit a crime. And was in favor of the fully implementation of curfew hours in the reason that parents/ guardian will be h aving a peace in mind that their children are safe from any vices that could they in countered.B. What are the advantages/disadvantages of the full implementation of the above proposition? Youth is a major and growing problem, often involving both drugs and violence. By imposing curfew hours it can help to solve this problem. It is advantageous, because it keeps minor or others people in the street, and therefore out of trouble, and prevent from congregating in the hours of darkness. Curfews on minors help to protect vulnerable children for not all parents are responsible and inevitably their children.Suffer both from crime and accidents, and are likely to full into bad habits. C. How do we solve or what suggestion would you recommend to solve above proposition? I suggest that curfew hours should be fully implemented in La Trinidad, by the approval Of the municipal mayor Edna Tableland. If that could e happen the place of La Trinidad will have a peace and safety community. There are no people stands by at the public places like Tableland Park.All economic structures establishment like bars, clubs, restaurant, billiard hall, and computer shop will be closed during night time. Curfew will also provide safety precaution to the other businesses. By fully implementation of curfew hours will cause in the decreasing of crime rate in La Trinidad. There are many crime cases that the police have encountered like the case of PEP Mendoza who shot the owner of the midtown bar located at town, latrine, unguent in the reason that he was drunk.If the full implementation of curfew hours was imposed earlier that could not be happen. In socio-cultural way back in the past people the place of La Trinidad have a few number of business establishment, but when the years goes by it brought to a sociological changes. The ways of the fore father were able to evolve. As I suggest to side of educational sectors curfew hours should be imposed, to avoid minors from addiction to computers, drinking liquor, and other vices that it could affect their studies.

The Greek God Poseidon, Lord of the Sea, Neptune

The Greek God Poseidon, Lord of the Sea, Neptune The mighty Earthshaker, Poseidon ruled the waves that the ancient seafaring Greeks depended upon. Fisherman and sea captains swore fealty to him and avoided his wrath; the sea gods persecution of the hero Odysseus was well known, and few wished to wander so far and so long before finding their home port. In addition to his influence over the seas, Poseidon was responsible for earthquakes, striking the ground with his trident, a three-pronged spear, to awesomely devastating effect. Birth of Poseidon Poseidon was the son of the titan Cronos and brother to the Olympian gods Zeus and Hades. Cronos, fearful of a son who would overthrow him as he vanquished his own father Ouranos, swallowed each of his children as they were born. Like his brother Hades, he grew up inside the bowels of Cronos, until the day when Zeus tricked the titan into vomiting up his siblings. Emerging victorious after the ensuing battle, Poseidon, Zeus and Hades drew lots to divide up the world they had gained. Poseidon won dominion over the waters and all its creatures. Alternate Greek myths suggest that Poseidons mother, Rhea, transformed him into a stallion to stymie Cronos appetite. It was in the form of a stallion that Poseidon pursued Demeter, and fathered a foal, the horse Areion. Poseidon and the Horse Oddly for the god of the sea, Poseidon is deeply associated with horses. He created the first horse, introduced riding and chariot racing to mankind, and rides above the waves in a chariot drawn by horses with golden hooves. In addition, some of his many children are horses: the immortal Areion and the winged horse Pegasus, which was the son of Poseidon and the gorgon Medusa. Myths of Poseidon The brother of Zeus and Greek god of the sea figures in many myths. Perhaps the most notable are those related by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey, where Poseidon emerges as a foe of the Trojans, champion of the Greeks and dire enemy of the hero Odysseus. The Greek gods antipathy toward the wily Odysseus stems is kindled by the mortal wound that the hero deals to Polyphemus the Cyclops, a son of Poseidon. Again and again, the sea god conjures winds that keep Odysseus away from his home in Ithaca. A second notable story involves the contest between Athena and Poseidon for the patronage of Athens. The goddess of wisdom made a more compelling case to the Athenians, giving them the gift of the olive tree while Poseidon created the horse. Finally, Poseidon figures prominently in the story of the Minotaur. Poseidon gave to King Minos of Crete a fantastic bull, intended for sacrifice. The king couldnt part with the beast, and in anger, Poseidon caused the princess Pasiphae to fall in love with the bull, and to birth the legendary half-bull, half-man called the Minotaur. Poseidon Fact File Occupation: God of the Sea Attributes of Poseidon: The symbol for which Poseidon is best known is the trident. Poseidon is often shown alongside his wife Amphitrite in a sea chariot drawn by sea creatures. The Inferiority of Poseidon:Poseidon asserts equality with Zeus in the Iliad, but then defers to Zeus as king. By some accounts Poseidon is older than Zeus and the one sibling Zeus didnt have to rescue from his father (the power leverage Zeus usually used with his siblings). Even with Odysseus, who had ruined his son Polyphemus life, Poseidon behaved in a less fearsome manner than might be expected of an enraged Sturm und Drang kind of god. In the challenge for patronage of the polis of Athens, Poseidon lost to his niece Athena, but then worked cooperatively with her as in the Trojan War where they try to thwart Zeus with Heras help. Poseidon and Zeus:Poseidon may have had an equal claim to the title of King of the Gods, but Zeus is the one who took it. When the Titans made the thunderbolt for Zeus, they made the trident for Poseidon.

CEO Pay vs. Workers Pay essays

CEO Pay vs. Workers Pay essays Over the last decade, the pay increases of the CEOs have far outpaced the pay increases experienced by the common worker. This means, while the people who run the company are experiencing greater and greater amounts of wealth, the average worker has been experiencing a greater amount of debt. The average workers has pay rate which increases barely kept pace with inflation. The investigation will show the gap between CEOs and workers pay, why CEOs feel it is necessary to pay such salaries, and also what are the effects of such pays. The CEOs that dose not benefit the workers: The CEOs pay in America has been increasing to the point of extreme excess become multi millionaires, CEOs have many more luxuries and incentives running the company or the corporation not wanting. However the workers work harder and harder by longer hours, less benefits, and low pay. Know that there are some CEOs who are concerned for their workers. The media has shown us many CEOs who are in it solely to make a large amount of money as fast as they can, and have no concerns for those who work under them. The CEOs pay increases faster than the workers pay; one reason for the CEOs pay has become common practice to overly compensate the CEOs, regardless of their actual performance. Bigger corporations think of nothing giving bonuses for their CEOs pledge to their companies, the benefits and the other perks such as high stock, option granted loans, and luxury items written (Hightower, October 2001, ). Most CEOs have taking home about an average of 531 percent more pay than the average hourly worker makes. Chicago Times reported, It isnt right or fair to compare the Presidents and CEOs of a big corporation to hourly workers, because with the CEOs pay its coming from the global marketing for executives. Obscene CEOs pay affec...

Monetary Policy Coursework 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monetary Policy Coursework 9 - Essay Example This streamlines the business cycle by increasing the output available in the US economy, hence providing surplus goods for exports and subsequent economic growth. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) aims at exploring the achievements of full employment as well as price stability (Econedlink.org, 2015). Therefore, the implementation of the US federal funds rate policy deals with the interest rates at which banks lend funds amongst themselves. The intermediary used by these banks is the Federal Reserve. The goals of the federal funds rate policy are to ensure US economic growth, monitor inflation, and increase employment. The Fed reduced this rate by 0.1% in mid 2014, and the results were diverse. In as much as the inflation rate as at January rose by 0.2%, the unemployment rate reduced by 5.5% in 2015. The US economic growth was positive by 2.2% in the last quarter of 2014. Evidently, the federal funds rate policy achieved its main goals: the reduction of unemployment and the growth of the economy. Econedlink.org,. (2015).  Focus on Economic Data: The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy, January 29, 2015 | EconEdLink. Retrieved 3 June 2015, from

Evolution of the Use of Wool Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evolution of the Use of Wool - Term Paper Example The objective of the paper is to describe about the origin of the wool and its uses for the making the garments. The paper further describes about the advantages of wool in the daily life of human beings. In addition, the main goal of the study is to focus upon the various attributes, which are related with the wool and its evolution throughout the world. Wool is a natural fabric, which is originated from the animal skin or Pelts. It can be said that since the evolution of mankind sheep, goat and other animals were reared for their consumption as well as some other purpose. There are many areas all over the globe where the sheep and goats are used only for the milk and its meat. However, very soon people get realize about the use of the animals’ skin. It is worth mentioning that the wild sheep are hairy. During the 4th BC the woolly sheep were found in the Eastern Europe. Wool was generally produced from the hair or the fiber, which has been grown on the sheep, alpaca, Angora goat and Angora rabbit. When the people come to know about the advantages and benefits of the wool they started trading of wool for expanding the business of woolen garments. Sheep were domesticated in Asia and the technique of the extracting wool has been invented in Asia. However, very soon trade of wool expanded all over the world (Power 1-69). There are many different types of wools that are produced from the different types of sheep and animals. The wool, which is produces by the fleece of sheep and animals are known as fiber. There are many types of wool, which are received from the animals. The white wool is the most common and preferable color. There are many others colors of wool, which can be bore from the sheep, goats, rabbits and alpaca such as brown, black and gray. The white wool is most popular in the manufacturing of the garments not because it can be easily colored, but